Pheomelanin is one of the two main types of Melanin, the natural pigment found in the hair, skin, and eyes of humans and animals. In contrast to EumelaninEumelanin, which produces dark colors like brown and black, gives skin, hair, and eyes their red and yellow hues. The amount and type of melanin (eumelanin and pheomelanin) in a person's skin and hair determine their individual color.
Properties and functions of pheomelanin
- Coloration : Pheomelanin is responsible for the red and yellow pigments found in some hair colors, especially in people with red hair. It also influences skin color and can be present in higher concentrations in people with fair skin.
- UV protection : Compared to eumelanin, pheomelanin offers less protection against the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with a higher proportion of pheomelanin in their skin and hair have an increased risk of sunburn and skin damage from UV radiation, including skin cancer.
- Genetic factors : Pheomelanin production is genetically controlled. Mutations in the MC1R gene (melanocortin-1 receptor gene) are responsible for increased pheomelanin production and red hair color in humans.
Health aspects
- Sun sensitivity : Due to lower UV protection, people with a high pheomelanin content must be especially careful when exposed to the sun. The use of sunscreens with a high sun protection factor (SPF) and protective clothing is particularly important.
- Risk of skin cancer : People with red hair and fair skin, who produce a lot of pheomelanin, have a higher risk of skin cancers, especially melanoma, compared to people with darker skin and hair color, who produce more eumelanin.
Research and applications
- Cosmetics and hair coloring : Understanding the role of pheomelanin in natural hair color influences the development of hair dyes and other cosmetic products.
- Medical research : Investigating the genetic basis of melanin production can lead to better methods for skin protection and the treatment of skin diseases.
In summary, pheomelanin is an important factor in determining individual skin and hair color, as well as in the discussion about sun protection and skin cancer risk.
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